Anole Annals

Anolis cristatellus predating on Eleutherodactylus martinicensis; photo taken by Jeanelle Brisbane

In the (sub)tropics of the Western Hemisphere, it is not uncommon to come across sleeping anoles while strolling around at night in (partially) vegetated areas; they are after all considered diurnal. It was therefore quite a shock when active anoles appeared in the beam of our headlights during the nights of 18 January and 16 April 2019 on the Commonwealth of Dominica. On the first night, we observed how a juvenile Anolis cristatellus (non-native) jumped from one grass style to the next and successfully caught a fly; on the second night, the adult A. cristatellus had a still alive and resisting, frog (Eleutherodactylus martinicensis) in its mouth (see photo).

An increasing number of anole species are being found to utilize artificial light sources after sunset, and thereby extend their activity period, allowing increased growth and fecundity. What made our encounter especially unsuspected was the absence of artificial light in the area we were surveying for the removal of newly arrived alien species. Instead, these nights (waxing gibbous with 91.7-92.9% visibility) were close to the full moon, and without cloud cover. Our observations were at 19:59 and 20:40h, almost 2 hours after the end of astronomical twilight; it was night.

The area of our observations consists of several abandoned plots nearby the harbor, overgrown with grasses, vines, and bushes. The edges of this open area are partially made up of a single line of trees, shorter than 7 m in height.

Our observations indicate a potential understudied part of anole ecology, though more observations are needed to understand the occurrence of this behavior, both within and among species. However, ex-situ, some authors have already demonstrated that anoles show activity under moonlight conditions, which appeared more evident for shade-adapted species.

In our paper just published in Neotropical Biodiversity, we discuss several to-be-tested hypotheses and address how our observations could shed new light on anole predation by nocturnal predators, like owls and bats. Beyond anoles, observations of nocturnal activity by diurnal reptiles have been reported on some occasions. The observations of this behavior in Anolis are of special importance given the large body of literature and understanding of these model species; allowing the scientific community to test hypotheses and move beyond observational reports.

Excitingly, since the publication of our work we have been in contact with enthusiast readers of which one indicated to have observed moonlight-facilitated activity as well but did not write that up, yet.

Wacky Looking Green Anole from Gainesville

By Jonathan Losos

On November 17, 2020

In All Posts

Matt R. Whiles, Chair and Professor in the Soil and Water Sciences Department at the University of Florida provides these details:

Specimen was not captured, just photographed by my wife Lindsay Hsieh, who is familiar with Anolis and recognized that it was different looking. Observed in Alachua county FL, west of Gainesville in a horse barn facility – coordinates: 29^O 41’08”N 82^O 30’18”W; date was November 10 2020. A. carolinensis are common on the barn, but none we’ve seen look like this. The owners of the facility routinely haul horses back and forth from Gainesville to south Florida, so could be a transplant.”

He then asks: “I’ve seen thousands of A. carolinensis, and never one like this. Do you think this is just a color/pattern display, or would this individual always look like this? We are keeping an eye out for it again and will try to collect it if you want the specimen.”

Thoughts, anyone (including interest in the specimen should it be seen again)? My guess is that these are not permanent markings; the block spot on the head and the hint of an erected nuchal (neck) crest suggests a stress response; perhaps the lizard had just been fighting. Indeed, Dr. Whiles clarified in a subsequent email: “I’ve certainly seen the black spot form on stressed individuals, but never the full patterning. To add to your hypothesis, my wife indicated it was interacting with another Anolis when she saw it (you can actually see the tail of the other individual in the pic).”

Flashy Lizards Are More Attractive to Mates and Predators

By Jonathan Losos

On November 15, 2020

In All Posts

A water anole with a colorful dewlap. Image Credit: J. Montemarano.

From the BingU News

In the lizard world, flashy colors attract the interest of females looking for mates. But they can make colorful males desirable to other eyes, too — as lunch.

Assistant Research Professor of Biological Sciences Lindsey Swierk is the first author of an article in the journal Evolutionary Ecology on the topic. Called “Intrasexual variability of a conspicuous social signal influences attach rate of lizard models in an experimental test,” the article details an experiment involving clay models of water anoles (Anolis aquaticus), a species of lizard only found in Costa Rica and a small slice of Panama. The researchers conducted the experiment at the Las Cruces Biological Station in Costa Rica, which is one of the Organization for Tropical Studies’ field stations.

To attract females’ notice, male anoles have dewlaps: colorful extendable flaps of skin under their chins. In most species of anole, dewlaps evolved to be as noticeable as possible within the environment, given an environment’s predominant colors and lighting conditions.

“Even so, we see a lot of variation within a species in just how bright dewlaps are,” Swierk said.

While some water anoles have dramatic red-orange flaps, others have more muted colors, more of a dull brownish-red. Researchers wanted to determine the effect these color variations had on their risk of predation.

While it’s widely assumed that flashier males will attract more attention from predators, few studies actually test this assumption. Logistics may be a factor: Researchers have to separate the effects of sexual colors from other aspects of a creature’s body and behavior, a difficult task when using real animals. As a result, many studies show correlation but not causation.

To prove that flashier males face greater risks of being attacked, the researchers created clay models with colored dewlaps — some bright, some more muted. Many visual predators use a stereotyped “search image” to identify prey, so the models only had to approximate anoles’ general size, color and shape. The dewlap color, however, required special attention.

“Because different animals have different visual sensitivities than we do as humans, getting the colors right was an important consideration in our model design,” Swierk explained. “We ran some pilot trials before this experiment to make sure our models were convincing as ‘lizards’ — and they certainly seemed to be, as many birds and other lizards took bites out of them!”

Researchers were able to identity predators from bite marks in the clay models. They included many species of bird, including the strikingly beautiful motmot with its serrated beak. Basilisks and whiptail lizards were also among the likely attackers. The results proved that flashier lizards really do end up as lunch more often.

If bright colors have deadly consequences, why do female anoles prefer them? One answer is that brighter males have either high-quality genetic material or resources that allow them to handle the risk of getting eaten, Swierk explained.

“Because every individual’s evolutionary ‘mission’ in life is to pass on as many copies of its genes as it can, conspicuous traits like these can evolve if they give an individual a high level of reproductive success — even if the flashy trait ends up killing them in the end,” Swierk said.

Identification of a Reptile Lyssavirus in Anolis allogus Provided Novel Insights into Lyssavirus Evolution

By Nick Herrmann

On November 13, 2020

In New Lit Abstracts

New literature alert!

Identification of a reptile lyssavirus in Anolis allogus provided novel insights into lyssavirus evolution

In Virus Genes
Horie, Akashi, Kawata, and Tomonaga

Abstract

Lyssaviruses (genus Lyssavirus) are negative-strand RNA viruses belonging to the family Rhabdoviridae. Although a lyssa-like virus (frog lyssa-like virus 1 [FLLV-1]), which is distantly related to lyssaviruses, was recently identified in frogs, a large phylogenetic gap exists between those viruses, and thus the evolution of lyssaviruses is unclear. In this study, we detected a lyssa-like virus from publicly available RNA-seq data obtained using the brain and skin of Anolis allogus (Spanish flag anole), which was designated anole lyssa-like virus 1 (ALLV-1), and determined its complete coding sequence. Via mapping analysis, we demonstrated that ALLV-1 was actively replicating in the original brain and skin samples. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that ALLV-1 is more closely related to lyssaviruses than FLLV-1. Overall, the topology of the tree is compatible with that of hosts, suggesting the long-term co-divergence of lyssa-like and lyssaviruses and vertebrates. The ψ region, which is a long 3′ untranslated region of unknown origin present in the G mRNA of lyssaviruses (approximately 400–700 nucleotides), is also present in the genome of ALLV-1, but it is much shorter (approximately 180 nucleotides) than those of lyssaviruses. Interestingly, FLLV-1 lacks the ψ region, suggesting that the ψ region was acquired after the divergence of the FLLV-1 and ALLV-1/lyssavirus lineages. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to identify a lyssa-like virus in reptiles, and thus, our findings provide novel insights into the evolution of lyssaviruses.

Read the full paper here!

#DidYouAnole – Anolis maculiventris

By Chelsea Connor

On November 12, 2020

In All Posts

Some people think that the anoles with brown colouring and patterns are too drab or boring but honestly I appreciate their ability to blend in almost seamlessly to their habitats. The Blotchbelly Anole is another one of those, usually brown, sometimes with light patterning or a tan line down its back.

The males have a unique burnt sienna coloured dewlap, while the females of this species have no dewlap. Blotchbelly anoles appear to be twig anoles and they inhabit lowland forests in Ecuador and Colombia.

The anole gets its name due to the spotting (but not blotches) on its belly. Female Blotchbelly Anoles may be slightly larger than the males with a recorded length of 124-140 mm (Arteaga 2013), and the males at 120-129 mm.

Lizard Predation by Spiders: A Review from the Neotropical and Andean Regions

By Nick Herrmann

On November 10, 2020

In New Lit Abstracts

Orange-legged wandering spider (Cupiennius coccineus) consuming house gecko (Hemidactylus frenatus) at Sirena Biological Station, Corcovado, Costa Rica

New literature alert!

Lizard predation by spiders: A review from the Neotropical and Andean regions

In Ecology and Evolution
Reyes-Olivares, Guajardo‐Santibáñez, Segura, Zañartu, Penna, and Labra

Abstract

Vertebrate predation by invertebrates has been classically underexplored and thus underestimated, despite the fact that many arthropods consume vertebrates. To shed some light on the relevance that spider predation may have upon lizards in the Neotropical and Andean regions, we compiled the available information in the literature on this trophic interaction. We found 50 reports of spiders consuming lizards in these regions, and the 88% of these were from the Neotropical region. Spiders belong to eight families, but Ctenidae and Theraphosidae were the most frequently reported predators. Lizards belong to 12 families, and the most commonly consumed species corresponded to the families Dactyloidae (all Anolis lizards), Gymnophthalmidae, and Sphaerodactylidae. Data suggest trophic spider–lizard associations between Ctenidae and Dactyloidae, followed by Theraphosidae and Liolaemidae. The body sizes of the spiders and lizards showed a positive relationship, and spiders were smaller than their prey. We conclude that various spider taxa can be considered lizard predators and they may be ecologically important in the Neotropical and Andean regions. However, spiders of prime predation relevance seem to be those of the Ctenidae and Theraphosidae families.

Read the full paper here!

Reminder: Submit Photos for Anole Photo Contest 2020!

By Ansley Petherick

On November 9, 2020

In All Posts

Aryeh Miller and Ansley Petherick

Which anole species will grace the pages of this year’s calendar? Pictured here is Anolis capito. Photograph by Aryeh Miller.

Thanks to all of you that have sent in photos for our calendar contest! For those who haven’t sent anything yet, now’s your chance – the deadline to submit is at the end of THIS WEEK (this Friday, November 13), so if you plan to submit, be sure to do so soon!

To remind you, the rules are here:
Submit your photos (as many as you’d like) as email attachments to anoleannalsphotos@gmail.com. To make sure that your submissions arrive, please send an accompanying email without any attachments to confirm that we’ve received them. Photos must be at least 150 dpi and print to a size of 11 x 17 inches. If you are unsure how to resize your images, the simplest thing to do is to submit the raw image files produced by your digital camera (or if you must, a high quality scan of a printed image). If you elect to alter your own images, don’t forget that it’s always better to resize than to resample. Images with watermarks or other digital alterations that extend beyond color correction, sharpening and other basic editing will not be accepted. We are not going to deal with formal copyright law and ask only your permission to use your image for the calendar and related content on Anole Annals (more specifically, by submitting your photos, you are agreeing to allow us to use them in the calendar). We, in turn, agree that your images will never be used without attribution and that we will not profit financially from their use (the small amount of royalties we receive are used to purchase calendars for the winners). Please only submit photos you’ve taken yourself, not from other photographers–by submitting photos, you are declaring that you are the photographer and have the authority to allow the photograph to be used in the calendar if it is chosen.

Please provide a short description of the photo that includes: (1) the species name, (2) the location where the photo was taken, and (3) any other relevant information. Be sure to include your full name in your email as well.

Thank you and good luck!

Searching for the Elusive Allison’s Anole in South Florida, Part II

By delton howard

On November 7, 2020

In All Posts, Introduced Anoles, Notes from the Field

After my resounding success mid-October searching for Anolis Allisoni, a rare yet beautiful anole native to Cuba that has been found in Florida, I very recently returned to Naples to search, this time, at two different addresses reported to contain the elusive anoles.

Upon returning to the first address, I had to search for a long time, 20-30 minutes, before finally stumbling upon one adult male A. Allisoni relaxing on the top of a fence.

I only managed to snap one picture of it in this pose before it hopped onto a palm tree on the other side of the fence. As it slowly made its way up the tree, while cautiously keeping an eye on me, I snapped a few more photos.

After this, I moved on to the next address, about 15 minutes further south in Naples. The area to search was very small, but there were several dense bushes to sift through. After a half-hour spent combing the bushes and peering into the greenery, I finally spotted another adult male A. Allisoni in the underbrush, close to the ground. Unfortunately, he was so deep in the bushes that there was no way to get a clear photo. After an extensive chase, where I scratched myself all over with pointy branches as I tried pursuing the elusive anole through the bushes, he eventually disappeared.

Defeated, I looked up and spotted a small, likely female, A. allisoni hopping from twig to twig much higher in the trees above. This one also completely disappeared as I went to take a picture, unfortunately. However, just as I was about to give up hope and leave, I spotted one final small anole climbing the trunk of a nearby tree at hip level. I crept over and quickly wrapped my arms around the tree where I last saw the anole, and, sure enough, safely snagged it!

Again, at first glance, it appears to be a green anole. But look at the ear cavity. In this observation of a male A. allisoni, the ear cavity is also more of a gash, instead of a hole. And the large scales on the snout would also imply A. allisoni. What do you think?

Join me on Instagram @dailyanole to follow my adventures!

#DidYouAnole? – Anolis lyra

By Chelsea Connor

On November 5, 2020

In All Posts

Photo by Andreas Kay, Flickr

Found from northwestern Ecuador to central Colombia, Anolis lyra is a trunk anole that gets its name (Lyre Anole) from the lyre shape on the back of its head.

Photo by Danny Rosero, iNaturalist

As it is sympatric with several other Ecuadorean anoles, it helps that this one has distinct features, like the marking on its head and its very distinct dewlap that is red in males with a dark central spot, and grey-white in females (also with the spot). They have an SVL of about 77mm (males) and 73mm (females).

Photo by Fabio Cianferoni, iNaturalist

The Lyre Anole is near threatened and affected by habitat loss from deforestation.

Searching for the Elusive Allison’s Anole in South Florida

By delton howard

On October 31, 2020

In All Posts, Introduced Anoles, Notes from the Field, Species Accounts

Driven by my quest to find Allison’s anoles (A. Allisoni) in the wild, a few weeks ago I dove into a pit of research papers to look for known sightings and/or colonies of A. Allisoni in Florida. I came upon a few vague notations of a colony in Naples with an address included. So, as part of a herping trip for various anoles and lizards to Miami last week, I stopped in Naples along the way.

I drove to the address and, after parking and entering the area, the first thing I saw was a large male specimen of A. Allisoni perched on the side of a palm tree. Shocked and delighted, I snapped a picture.

To see such a beautiful species of anole in Florida in the wild was breathtaking.

The male allisoni was perched on the palm tree with one large male A. sagrei (brown anole) below him. As I approached the palm to get a clearer picture, the sagrei leaped off the palm onto a smaller scrub, and the allisoni followed right after. The two briefly scuffled, nipping at each other before both went their separate ways and I did not see them again.

Strolling around the area to search for more, I found a very small green juvenile anole. It appeared to be allisoni, but did not give me enough time to properly examine it before scuttling up a tree and into the canopy.

Upon returning to the same spot where the first allisoni was, there was another just a few feet away that I had somehow missed the first time. This one had no hints of blue on its head, but simply from its large size, I took a guess that it was an allisoni. After succeeding at capturing it, I took a picture:

Upon first glance, it seemed to be A. carolinensis. However, on a closer look, both the shape of the ear hole and the large scales on the snout suggested allisoni. Here’s a picture of A. carolinensis for comparison:

For the genetics experts reading this, is there evidence of allisoni interbreeding with carolinensis?

Upon revisiting the address the next day, I searched in the same place I found the first allisoni, and, sure enough, found another one, this time suspected to be a female.