Anole Annals

Anolis cristatellus moving in on St. Martin. Photo by Mark Yokoyama

Mark Yokoyama has just published a review of the introduced reptiles and amphibians of St. Martin, where he lives, and there are a lot of them, including several anoles. Anolis cristatellus has apparently just arrived at some resorts and may be spreading, and A. sagrei has been there for a while. We recently discussed another article in the same issue of IRCF Reptiles & Amphibians, which reported that A. sagrei is now in the Turks and Caicos and may be interacting with a A. scriptus, a close relative of A. cristatellus. If A. sagrei and A. cristatellus become well-established on St. Martin, it will be interesting to see what happens when they come into contact. Of course, more importantly is how they will interact with the native species, A. gingivinus, which is ecologically moderately similar to these two trunk-ground anoles, and A. pogus, which is small and potentially a prey item, especially for the more robust A. cristatellus.

Yokoyama also notes of an apparently short-lived invasion of A. bimaculatus in the 90’s and an enigmatic single specimen of A. marmoratus collected a half century ago.

Anolis Sagrei Invades The Turks And Caicos

By Jonathan Losos

On February 20, 2013

In Introduced Anoles

Anolis sagrei certainly gets around, and it’s added another locality to its ever-expanding range: the Turks and Caicos. AA contributor Joe Burgess recently published a paper in the most recent edition of IRCF Reptiles & Amphibians documenting its occurrence on the island. As we’ve come to expect, the population is quite numerous and–ominously–the native A. scriptus–itself also a trunk-ground anole–was not very common at the site. Anolis scriptus is a close relative of the Puerto Rican A. cristatellus and we’ve reported previously on these two species battling it out in Miami and Costa Rica. Stay tuned.

Cybotoid Blitz On The Encyclopedia Of Life

By Martha Muñoz

On February 20, 2013

In Anoles and Anolologists in the News, Education and Anoles

“Try to learn something about everything and everything about something.” –Thomas Henry Huxley

These are lofty words from one the world’s most impressive autodidacts. Thomas Huxley taught himself German and Greek by candlelight, endured years in crowded quarters with teenage midshipmen aboard the HMS Rattlesnake just to be able to learn about jellyfish, and taught himself comparative anatomy though countless hours behind a microscope. He may be most famously known as one the most important champions of evolution, but to me he is equally memorable for his firm belief in equal access to knowledge.

Image courtesy of David M. Hillis, Derrick Zwickl, and Robin Gutell, University of Texas

Were he alive today, I believe that Thomas Huxley would be a huge supporter of the Encyclopedia of Life (EOL). The EOL takes self-learning to the next level by providing unprecedented access to species information that is readable, comprehensive, and professionally curated. Since 2007, this open-access web portal has been cataloging the world’s biodiversity. Yes, you read correctly. EOL wants nothing less than to create informative pages for all of the world’s species. Last count, that was somewhere around 8.7 million species, but I wouldn’t be surprised if that number were much, much higher. In May 2012, the EOL hit one million species pages, which gives a sense of how successful the mission has been, and also how far they have to go.

Anole predation in Guadeloupe

By Pierre Legreneur

On February 19, 2013

In Natural History Observations

Currently in Guadeloupe to investigate in collaboration with the National Park the distribution of sub-species of anoles with a colleague of the University of Toulouse (France), we saw an extraordinary scene of predation of a female anole (Anolis marmoratus speciosus) by Scolopendra gigantea. In Guadeloupe, the predation pressure is essentially due by cats, dogs, blackbirds and thrushes. At our knowledge, the scolopendre have never been reported before …

Expedition To Swan Island III: The Surprising Anoles Of Little Swan

By alexiss

On February 18, 2013

In Natural History Observations

Anolis sagrei nelsoni from Little Swan Island. Photo by Alexis Harrison

Where the Swans meet.

My first two posts [1,2] reported on how we got to the Swan Islands and what we found on Great Swan, especially the anoles. But after five days on the island, we had given up hope of crossing the strait to Little Swan Island. The navy on the island had no boat. The channel between the islands, while narrow, was deep and carried a substantial current. From the air, it appeared that there were no sandy beaches on which to land, only jagged rocks beyond the jagged reef.

That afternoon, we were surprised to hear the sound of a motor. From the top of the dilapidated radio tower, someone spotted a small boat headed for the island. It turned out to be a lobster boat, headed back to the mainland of Honduras after several weeks collecting lobsters offshore. They were stopping at Swan Island to replenish their supply of plantains and rainwater. With a little haggling, we were able to persuade the captain to ferry us over to Little Swan the next day and pick us up again several hours later!

Heading to the lobster boat

We arranged to leave the next morning at 6 a.m. The morning came and we packed our gear and went to wait at the dock. Two men headed from the boat to the shore in rickety-looking fiberglass canoes and we piled in: three in one canoe and two in the other. Randy and I were sitting in the canoe with three and I was a little nervous. The lip of the canoe seemed awfully close to the water line and the surf was high enough to bounce us around. But the sailor paddling us back seemed unconcerned, so away we went.

We made it about halfway to the boat before a wave came up to the lip of the canoe and poured in. Within moments the canoe had disappeared beneath us and we were bobbing in the water a couple hundred feet from shore. My first thought was that my camera was going to get wet – the second thought was that it is hard to tread water in hiking boots. I tried to hold my backpack over the water while we waited for the second canoe to come over. I was able to toss my bag into the canoe, then we held on to the side of the canoe and were towed back to the shore. The other canoe and Randy’s rake stayed on the bottom of the ocean.

Our next attempt to reach the boat was successful. This time, we used three canoes. The captain of the boat was also able to find three life jackets to send along, just in case.

CBS Features Brown Anoles On CBS Sunday Morning Show, But…

By Jonathan Losos

On February 17, 2013

In Anoles and Anolologists in the News

Good news and bad news from the good folks at CBS today. Those of you who are Sunday morning TV junkies will know that one of the pearls of the morning is the nature segment–combining beautiful imagery and sound–that comes near the end of the CBS Sunday Morning show. And what was featured this morning? Brown anoles from Tampa, males displaying, females looking regal in their diamondbacks–it was the best Sunday morning nature segment ever…except that the anoles were referred to as geckos!!! Doh! I wonder how long it will take CBS to right this injustice? You can watch the segment at this link, but you have to watch a commercial first. If anyone sees this pop up on Youtube, please let us know and we’ll link straight to it.

Update: See the nice note from the producer at CBS below. Unfortunately, they appear to have taken down the segment from their website.

Expedition To Swan Island II: The Anoles!

By alexiss

On February 16, 2013

In Natural History Observations

Anolis sagrei nelsoni from Great Swan Island. Photo by Alexis Harrison.

In a previous post, I detailed the trip to Swan Island and our initial impressions. But now for the important stuff. The most abundant animals on the island were the anoles. They could be found on the beach, in the forest, on the buildings, on the hammock where we napped in the hottest part of the afternoon. This abundance was not immediately apparent, as the anoles seemed rather shy and tended to hide when I approached. Yet, if I sat still for a few minutes, anoles would start descending from the treetops and soon there seemed to be an anole on every branch.

Dewlap of A. sagrei nelsoni from Great Swan Island. Photo by Alexis Harrison.

My immediate impression was that these anoles did not “feel” like typical A. sagrei. They were light in coloration when calm, more like A. cristatellus than A. sagrei. Their eyes were marked like A. sagrei, but they were larger and darker. Females seemed similar in size to A. sagrei that I have seen elsewhere, but the males were (much) larger. This pronounced sexual dimorphism is consistent with the pattern in the anoles of the Lesser Antilles, where sexual dimorphism is exaggerated on single-species islands. Finally, the dewlap of the anoles on swan island were much darker than what I think of as typical A. sagrei dewlaps, and did not have the typical two distinctive colors, red and yellow, but graded from a lighter margin to a darker center gradually.

The anoles on Swan Island were also different from “typical” A. sagrei in their behavior. My general impression was that they were more shy of people. When threatened, they nearly always ran up into the canopy, rather than towards the ground or around their perch. Males displayed their dewlaps relatively infrequently. Finally, I observed them using a broad range of perches. Males especially used broad horizontal perches in the canopy of trees in addition to lower vertical perches.

Next Up: Big Surprises on Little Swan!

Expedition To Swan Island I: Overview

By alexiss

On February 15, 2013

In Notes from the Field

The brown booby, one of the denizens of Great Swan Island.

The Swan Islands, three tiny outcroppings of petrified reef jutting out of the otherwise open stretch of water between Cuba, the Cayman Islands, and Honduras, hold one of the least-known populations of Anolis in the Caribbean. A visit by George Nelson in 1912 established that anoles are present on both the larger Great Swan Island (larger is a relative term – the entire island is about 5.5 square kilometers) and Little Swan (which is about half that size). The specimens collected by Nelson were later examined by Barbour at the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard and found to be closely related to A. sagrei – they were designated as a species, A. nelsoni, notable mainly for its exceptionally large size. They were later relegated to a subspecies of A. sagrei by Ruibal.

Aside from a visit by Brad Lister in the early 70s, the anoles of the Swan Islands have been left in relative peace by anolologists. That is, until last December, when I joined a team including Jonathan Losos, Randy McCranie and Leo Valdes Orellana that set out to visit the Swan Islands to learn more about this mysterious member of the anole clan.

Getting to the Swan Islands turns out to me much easier said than done. The island has been uninhabited for decades, except for a handful of rotating members of the Honduran Navy who are stationed there to keep drug smugglers from using the island as a way station. The only way to contact the island is by radio, with the cooperation of the Honduran Navy. The only way to reach the island is by chartering a private plane or boat. And getting permission to fly there required a week of wrangling with the authorities in La Ceiba, Honduras. With the help of local contacts in the police and the intervention of a lawyer, we were ultimately able to get the necessary permission, first from the head of the armed forces for all of Honduras, and then by the heads of the Air Force and the Navy, respectively. Once we had permission, we managed to charter a small plane to the island, stocked up on rice, beans, water and batteries (the islands have no electricity or running water), and were ready to go (minus Jonathan, who couldn’t last out the wait for permits and had to return to the U.S. to grade final papers).

Big Swan Island

Swan Island from the air. Photo by Alexis Harrison.

Our first view of the island from the air revealed rugged cliffs and open beaches, dense forest, and decaying buildings overgrown by vegetation. We landed on the grassy runway that dominates at least a quarter of the area of the larger island and were greeted by seven armed members of the Honduran Navy and one friendly dog. Despite the guns, the Navy was very welcoming and helpfully carried many of our supplies to the main camp, where they had barracks and a kitchen, and where we could work at an indoor picnic table and could pitch our tents. After some minimal unpacking and setting up, we set off to get a feel for the island.

Luxury accommodations, Swan Island style.

The forests in the center of the island are dark and dense.

Herbert C. Dessauer 1921-2013: The Passing Of A Pioneer In Anole Phylogenetics

By Rich Glor

On February 14, 2013

In Anoles and Anolologists in the News

Fig. 1 from Liner and Cole (2003), where it is also noted that Dessauer’s appearance earned him the nickname “Dr. Sexauer” and invited comparison to “a Greek God.”

Herbert C. Dessauer, whose 1981 report with Dan Shochat on “Comparative immunological study of albumins of Anolis lizards of the Caribbean islands” was among the very first attempts to reconstruct molecular phylogenetic relationships across Anolis, died earlier this month after a brief illnes. For most of his career, Dessauer was professor of biochemistry and molecular biology at LSU’s Medical Center, where he frequently collaborated with scientists at LSU’s Museum of Natural History. In addition to his 1981 classic, Dessauer was an author on numerous reports on molecular genetics of Anolis during the 1970s, often in collaboration with Dan Shochat and George Gorman. These three scientists, together with a handful of others, provided the foundation for modern molecular genetic studies of anoles. The significance of Dessauer’s contributions to anole biology are particularly noteworthy because he built his distinguished career working primarily with other systems. Indeed, Dessauer’s work with anoles doesn’t even warrant mention in a list of his accomplishments that appears in a historical perspective on his career by fellow herpetologists Ernest Liner and Charles Cole.

Nevertheless, Shochat and Dessauer’s results had a range of important implications for anole systematists; for example, they were among the first to convincingly reject reciprocal monophyly of the alpha and beta series diagnosed previously by Etheridge on the basis of morphological variation (and later diagnosed as distinct genera by Savage). Shochat and Dessauer’s results were a topic of debate in the anole phylogenetics community since before they were even published, and featured prominently in the Third Anolis Newsletter from 1977, where Shochat discussed preliminary results and Ernest Williams critiqued this work. Although Willams appreciated Shochat and Dessauer’s efforts, and understood the potential vale of the data they were obtaining, he ultimately concluded by asking”What does the new evidence [from Shochat and Dessauer] explain that the old Etheridgean scheme did not?” and answering “very little” (emphasis in original). In hindsight, I think his critique was unfair. The molecular genetic evidence they provided proved very convincing to many anole biologists of the day and many of the relationships they recovered remain well-supported, including some groups that conflicted with those recovered by previous morphological analyses and favored by Williams in the 1970s.

As I’ve mentioned previously, some biographers believe that Dessauer’s contributions to anole biology barely deserve mention among all of his other accomplishments. In searching the Google Books database for more information on Dessauer’s contributions, you can get sense for the extent of his pioneering influence. In a remembrance of the famous bird systematist Charles Sibley, Alan Brush places Dessauer alongside Sibley and the primate systematist Morris Goodman as the founders of molecular systematics. In his book Parasites and Infectious Disease: Discovery by Serendipity and Otherwise, Gerald Desch relates stories of Dessauer’s early days implementing molecular genetic analyses and teaching to others to do similar work. I didn’t know Herb Dessauer, but given such anecdotes and the remarkable list of collaborative studies he published, it seems clear that he was not only a pioneer, but also a leader, who inspired others and drove them to advance science in new and interesting ways.

In spite of his many accomplishments, I hope that, given how much Dessauer’s work on anoles influenced myself and other anole biologists, that we see it mentioned in the scientific obituaries that are sure to appear in the coming months.

Sharing A Cold One On St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands

By PeterTolson

On February 13, 2013

In Anole Art, Literature, and Humor

A thirsty Anolis cristatellus shares an El President at Cruz Bay, St. John

A thirsty Anolis cristatellus checks out Candee’s El Presidente at Cruz Bay.

Those of us lucky enough to be working in the Dominican Republic know the pleasures of downing an ice-cold El Presidente at the end of a session of fieldwork. Fortunately for us, that pleasure has been extended to the U.S. Virgin Islands, and was recently shared by a little Anolis cristatellus near the ferry landing at Cruz Bay, St. John. The young lady sharing her drink is Candee Ellsworth, Conservation Coordinator at the Toledo Zoo.