Anole Annals

The Huffington Post featured an article yesterday on our old friend [1,2,3], Anolis proboscis. In these pages, this species has been called the horned anole of Ecuador, but Huffpo, following a post two days earlier on Livescience, calls it the Pinocchio anole. You make the call.

The article is about a group of our friends at Tropical Herping finding some specimens of this little seen species. Huffpo’s title, “Pinocchio lizard rediscovered in Ecuador after being thought extinct for 50 years,” takes a few licenses, primarily because, as the article notes, the species has been seen a number of times since 2005, which was only 40 years or so after the previous sighting. Still, it’s nice to see anoles getting the attention.

And, more importantly, the article plugs the wonderful new book on the reptiles and amphibians of Mindo, written and lavishly illustrated by the Tropical Herping team. The book is available now in online format and will be for sale in hardcopy before long. Definitely worth checking out.

And late-breaking news: there’s a video as well!

Who wouldn’t want to win one of these?

It’s that time again! 2014 is just around the corner, which means it’s time to start planning for another year. And what better way to mark the passage of time than with an anole calendar? As we did last year, we’re going to have a photo contest to get the best possible photographs for each month (check out the winning photos from last year). So, today Anole Annals is pleased to announce the 2013 Anole Photo Contest. The goal of the contest is to identify 12 winning photos.  The grand prize winner will have her/his photo featured on the front cover of the 2013 Anole Annals calendar and will receive an Anole Annals wristwatch of the ecomorph of her/his choice. The second place winner will receive a copy of the calendar and have her/his photo featured on the backcover of the calendar.

The rules: please submit photos (as many as you’d like) as attachments to anoleannals@gmail.com. To ensure that submissions with large attachments arrive, it’s a good idea to send an accompanying e-mail without any attachments that seeks confirmation of the photo’s receipt.  Photos must be at least 150 dpi and print to a size of 11 x 17 inches. If you do not have experience resizing and color-correcting your images, the simplest thing to do is to submit the raw image files produced by your digital camera (or, for the luddites, a high quality digital scan of a printed image). If you elect to alter your own images, don’t forget that its always better to resize than to resample. Images with watermarks or other digital alterations that extend beyond color correction, sharpening and other basic editing will not be accepted. We are not going to deal with formal copyright law and ask only your permission to use your image for the calendar and related content on Anole Annals. We, in turn, agree that your images will never be used without attribution and that we will not profit financially from their use (nobody is going to make any money from the sale of these calendars because they’ll be available directly from the vendor).

Please provide a short description of the photo that includes: (1) the species name, (2) the location where the photo was taken, and (3) any other relevant information. Twelve winning photos will be selected by readers of Anole Annals from a set of 28 finalists chosen by the editors of Anole Annals.  The grand prize winning and runner-up photos will be chosen by a panel of anole photography experts. Deadline for submission is November 1, 2013.

Anolis maynardi. Photo by J. Losos

AA commentator and Jamaican student Kuti Ra remarks (links to previous posts added by me:

“I notice a lot of fuss on Anole Annals about the skull morphology of carolinensis clade anoles, so I thought I’d weigh in with a theory of my own. All that you are about to read comes from pure indirect observation and speculation, so please keep that in mind.

First of all, I believe that the skull morphology of these anoles is directly related to their arboreal lifestyle and, more specifically, to the diet that such a lifestyle would facilitate. There have been several posts [1,2] about nectivory in anoles, but all these instances seem to involve carolinensis clade anoles (A. maynardi and A. carolinensis) and possessing a long tapered skull would undoubtedly make such feeding behaviour easier; this could come very useful as a trunk crown anole would encounter several blossoms and such high up in the trees in addition to various small fruits. In this respect, the forceps-like jaws could function something akin to a fruit-eating birds’ bill; considering all this, it would seem that the jaw morphology of carolinensis clade anoles is simply a useful adaptation for life in the canopy. This conclusion seems even more likely when you consider that sexual selection very likely wouldn’t play a role here as observations of Anolis maynardi suggests that longer-snouted males aren’t any more successful at securing mates; and why would they be, having such a long jaw narrow jaw would translate to a lower bite force and thus a less likely chance of emerging as the victor in a territorial battle?

No long schnoz here. Anolis grahami. Photo by J. Losos

Of course, this theory begs the question ‘‘Why didn’t the trunk-crown anoles on other Greater Antillean islands evolve to look like their carolinensis clade counterparts?” In my opinion, the answer is that they didn’t need to. You see, on Jamaica the trunk crown anole, Anolis grahami, has a skull that is overall very similar to the sympatric A. lineatopus, and though they are traditionally classified as belonging to different ecomorphs, I can testify from personal observation that they often share the same micro-habitat and thus compete for the same resources; however since there are only a few ecomorphs present  on Jamaica and wherever these two species occur they are of the only common species in that area, the resources available in a particular micro-habitat are often sufficient to support full populations of the two species; thus neither species has reached the point where it needs to adapt to consume different things than the other. Moving on to the neighbouring islands of Hispaniola and Puerto Rico, one can recognize three things: first off, there are a greater number of trunk-ground anoles than on Jamaica, and more trunk-ground anoles than trunk-crown; second, all or almost all of the other ecomorphs are present  and third the jaws of the trunk-crown anoles are noticeably longer than that of sympatric trunk ground species (more so on Hispaniola than on Puerto Rico). On these islands, where there are often more species of anole competing for the resources of the trunk-ground niche, as well as additional ecomorphs to occupy other microhabitats, trunk crown anoles are becoming more and more specialized to take advantage of the resources available to them in the trees.

On Cuba, the largest island, there are often a great number of sympatric species of all ecomorphs and thus the habitat use of the anoles there is the most deeply segregated. I have read that in the Cuban rainforest, Anolis porcatus is almost never found out of the canopy; this seems to also be true of A.allisoni. This greater restriction to a particular microhabitat and need to capitalize on the resources found there  is what I believe  caused the Cuban trunk-crown to evolve such drastic adaptations to a trunk crown lifestyle. Well that’s my theory in a nutshell. I don’t know if all this has been said before but I haven’t been seen it mentioned. Like I said, most of it is based on indirect observation (looking at pictures on Google images) and speculation so I f you see any problems or holes in the theory, or if you’d like me to elaborate on or better explain a particular point, please let me know.

I think it is also important to note that the heads of trunk-crown anoles start out short on Jamaica and steadily get longer until you get to Cuba.

All the scenarios above would apply only to anoles in their natural habitats and not to populations inhabiting urban areas where more resources are available.

On a side note, have you ever noticed that trunk crown anoles have relatively tiny dewlaps? Perhaps one should look into how the ecomorph dewlaps are affected by those of neighboring ecomorphs. For example no matter what island you go to, the dewlap of any trunk-ground anole will always be comparatively larger than the dewlap of any trunk-crown anole on that island. I haven’t seen all species for Cuba, but I’m still pretty confident about it. I think these two ecomorphs in particular may have some very big effects on each other  that no one has noticed yet.