Breeding anoles to look at inheritance of dewlap color has been a major component of my research. It has also, however, been a major frustration. Every step of the process, from keeping the anoles happy enough to reproduce, to finding eggs, to successfully raising healthy hatchlings to adults has required much tweaking over the years. It has certainly been a work-in-progress and I am happy to say that with both minor and major changes over the years, our lab has transformed into a baby-making factory! This post is the first of a series discussing aspects of anole care, in the hope of both sharing our ideas with people in the anole community, as well as to start a discussion on other techniques people are using to breed/care for anoles.
Category: Research Methods Page 8 of 9
It’s October and that means Halloween is approaching. What says Halloween better than skeletons? They are everywhere this time of year! Therefore, I think that it is the right time to post a few ideas about how to prepare, label, and visualize skeletal material for studies of anole biology. (Make a few yourself and decorate your next Halloween party with them!) If you would like more detailed protocols please email me directly. If you have additional tips and tricks please add them to the comments section below.
Dry Skeletons
Dried skeletal preparations are common in most museum collections. Sometimes this marks the fate of a damaged specimen or an animal that perished unexpectedly, but often these have been purposefully built to represent the taxonomic or morphological diversity of a group. Regardless of their origins and use, dried skeletal material makes up a significant portion of our museum collections and great effort should be taken to continue building them with well-prepared material.
We are in the midst of a common garden experiment in which we’ve taken gravid Anolis carolinensis females from morphologically differentiated populations in the wild and returned with them to the lab where we are collecting eggs to incubate and hatch. Obviously I needed some gardening tools to pull this off, so I headed to bestofmachinery.com to get some since our local hardware burned down and still under construction. We’d eventually like to know whether the offspring of these females maintain the differentiation observed in the wild under common growth conditions. If yes, this is good evidence that the differences we’ve observed are a result of genetic changes among populations, rather than phenotypic plasticity during development and growth. A few notes from this ongoing experiment follow.
headed
bestofmachinery.com
bestofmachinery.com
bestofmachinery.com
bestofmachinery.com
bestofmachinery.com
I just finished attending a workshop in Kesthely, Hungary on Niche evolution and speciation – two of my favorite topics. Sadly there was no Anolis news to report from any of the excellent talks, but the work I presented is related to one of the anole projects I’m planning for my postdoc.
Speciational evolution is, as the name implies, evolutionary change that occurs rapidly when one species is being split into two; this means the amount of evolution in a lineage should depend on the number of times speciation has happened in its history. This contrasts with the standard Brownian motion model of gradual evolution where the amount of evolution depends on the length of time that has passed.
Speciational evolution might occur for a number of reasons (for example, due to genetic drift in small geographically isolated populations), but when one trait shows speciational evolution and another does not, we may be able to infer something about the process of speciation. For example, speciation may involve divergence in habitat (the ‘beta-niche’), or in traits that affect local resource use within a habitat (the ‘alpha-niche’).
Back in my first post on this topic, I described some of the equipment I use to film anole behavior. I ended with a promise of a second entry replete with example videos to outline specific techniques I use to get useful footage. I also wrote that hi-definition videos are troublesome to play, let alone edit, on many computers. Well, the egg is partially on my face, because I’ve been having trouble finding a good way to edit standard definition videos. Playback, the important part for my research, is flawless, but iMovie doesn’t like to deal with the files.
Rather than balk at this challenge any longer, I decided to turn to the community (that’s you, Anole Annals reader) for help. So those of you out there who have done video editing, can you recommend a program to use (or to avoid)? Cost and ease of learning are prime considerations for me right now. Please leave comments, and thanks in advance for any input.
In the last two days, I have received email requests from researchers studying various aspects of anole genomics, one asking for whole genomic DNA from A. carolinensis and the other for material derived from A. carolinensis embryos. These particular researchers are interested in, respectively, promoter elements in opsin genes and cerebral cortex development in the brain, with a particular interest in comparing brain transcriptomes from different species. I have received a number of similar requests in the last few months.
With the sequencing of the A. carolinensis, the first reptile to be sequenced, anoles are now on the radar screen of the comparative genomics community. This is a great thing both for understanding how genomes evolve in general, but also for how anoles evolve specifically. No doubt, this is the dawn of an exciting age in anole biology.
But these requests will no doubt continue to roll in, probably in increasing numbers. And, unlike many “model” organisms, there are not (at least not yet) anole stock centers or other resources to get the material needed for all kinds of studies. Providing genomic DNA is a trivial enterprise, and those of us doing relevant work should probably expect and be prepared for requests like these. But producing embryos for all kinds of developmental/genetic questions is another matter. There will be a need for material from anoles–initially A. carolinensis, but eventually others–at all life stages. We probably can’t expect genomicists to set up their own facilities to produce eggs and offspring (though maybe I don’t give them enough credit). My guess is that in the short term, it will fall on the anole community to provide this material.
Do you ever stop and think about how long it must have taken Schwartz and Henderson to make all those amazing dot maps in their 1991 opus on West Indian amphibians and reptiles? They plotted known localities for every species of West Indian amphibian and reptile in the days before GPS and GIS! These days, making dot maps of species distributions is considerably less onerous, but often requires the use of cumbersome, expensive, and PC-only programs like ArcGIS. For the past couple of weeks, some folks in my lab – Daniel Scantlebury, Anthony Geneva, and Shea Lambert – have been attempting to make nice distribution maps for Caribbean anoles and other reptiles using the R statistical computing framework (R has a pretty steep learning curve for beginners, but it’s flexible, scriptable, free, and cross-platform). The results so far are pretty exciting. If you have a list of georeferenced localities, you can overlay these points on a very detailed political map in a matter of seconds. We’re just beginning to learn how to tap R’s map making potential and would love to hear from others doing the same! Technical details after the jump…
For anyone interested in studying the color of anole dewlaps, Manuel Leal explains the state-of-the-art way to collect color measurements here.
I’m in the midst of my fourth summer of field work, and over the course of this time, I have spent many hours filming male Anolis carolinensis. I’ve done this work under several conditions; one project involved filming known animals in the field, a second required filming staged encounters between males in the lab, and the final (and current) project has me filming animals in semi-natural enclosures. These experiences prompted me to create this post, which I hope will be useful to anole researchers and enthusiasts who are embarking on projects that involve capturing video of lizards doing the things that fascinate us. Today, I’ll begin with a discussion of cameras and in a later post, I will write about other equipment as well as some of the techniques I’ve employed to capture useful images.
The Camera
The most important piece of equipment.