My name is Anthony Gilbert, and I’ll be coordinating the upcoming Anole blog posts for the Society of Integrative and Comparative Biology conference this 3-8 January in sunny Tampa, Florida. We have over 30 different talks and posters presented by students, postdocs and faculty at this conference this year and we are looking for some additional volunteers to help us get these posts up!
If you’re going to be in Tampa, and you want to help the Annals out, send me an email at anthony.gilbert09@gmail.com. We welcome folks who both have and have not blogged for the Annals in the past.
If you’d like to help us out, contact me and I’ll forward you a spreadsheet a few days before the conference so you can slot yourself in for whichever presentations you’d like to cover. I can also send you instructions on how to write up a post if you would like!
Check out the Anole Annals twitter account (@AnoleAnnals) with the #SICB2019 hashtag during the conference for updates on talks, posters, and other conference-related events. It is supposed to be sunny in Florida this year, so the anoles themselves might be out in force along with all of the conference attendees!
Last year, just days after my team and I finished surveying two populations of Anolis scriptus in Turks and Caicos, the islands took a direct hit from Hurricane Irma. Shortly after that, Hurricane Maria barreled through. We realized that we had a serendipitous opportunity to investigate natural selection, and so Anthony Herrel and I returned to the islands, measured the survivors and, well, you’ll just have to keep scrolling…
I recently heard about ESRI StoryMaps for the first time. They’re a great, free online platform for using maps, pictures, and videos to tell a compelling story. I think they make for a great science communication tool. I put together a StoryMap about our project in Turks and Caicos and thought I’d share it here. I’d definitely recommend anyone interested to take a shot at making one, too. (Click here if the embed doesn’t work for you – it’s prettier full screen anyway).
Microbiome studies focused on ecologically relevant vertebrate models like reptiles have been limited. Because of their relatively small home range, fast maturation, and high fecundity, lizards are an excellent reptilian terrestrial indicator species. For this study we used the green anole, Anolis carolinensis, to assess the impact of military relevant contaminants on fecal microbiome composition. Fourteen day sub-acute exposures were conducted via oral gavage with 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) and inorganic lead at doses of 60 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg of body weight, respectively. Body weights and food consumption were monitored and fecal samples were collected for high-throughput 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and analytical chemistry at days 0 and 15. At the end of the study, liver and gut were harvested for body burden data. Chemical analysis confirmed accumulation of TNT, TNT transformation products, and lead in liver tissue and fecal samples. Bacterial community analysis of fecal material revealed significant differences between day 0 and day 15 of TNT exposed anoles with an operational taxonomic unit (OTU) within the genus Erwinia representing 32% of the microbial community in TNT exposed anoles. Predictable changes in gut microbiome composition could offer an easily assayed, noninvasive biomarker for specific chemical exposure providing enhanced scientific support to risk assessments on military installations.
The little known and very rare Anolis darlingtoni, endemic to Haiti and likely to disappear. Photo by Miguel Landestoy from Haiti National Trust website
Analysis of satellite imagery and aerial photographs indicate that all of Haiti’s remaining primary forest will disappear in less than two decades if current deforestation rates continue. Results indicate primary forest cover in Haiti shrank from 4.4 percent in 1988 to just 0.32 percent in 2016, and that 42 of Haiti’s 50 largest mountains have lost all of their primary forest cover.
These forests are home to endangered animals found nowhere else in the world; researchers say the country is already experiencing a mass extinction event due to habitat loss.
Deforestation-intensified flooding has also been implicated in thousands of human deaths.
Researchers say Haiti’s forest loss is driven largely by charcoal production and agriculture.
New findings indicate that at current deforestation rates, all of Haiti’s primary forest will be gone within the next two decades, leading to the loss of most of the country’s endemic species.
The study was authored by researchers at Temple University, Oregon State University, the U.S. Forest Service and Société Audubon Haiti, a non-profit conservation organization based in Haiti. Its results were published recently in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
By analyzing aerial photography and satellite images, researchers discovered that primary forest cover in Haiti shrank from 4.4 percent in 1988 to just 0.32 percent in 2016. They report that 42 of Haiti’s 50 largest mountains have lost all of their primary forests and the country is already undergoing a mass extinction of its wildlife due to habitat loss.
“Haiti’s recognized as having the highest proportion of threatened amphibians in the world,” said S. Blair Hedges, director of Temple University’s Center for Biodiversity and lead author of the study, in an interview with Mongabay. “And that’s largely from the deforestation.”
The critically endangered Macaya breast-spotted frog (Eleutherodactylus thorectes) is one of Haiti’s endemic species that lives in primary forests. Image courtesy of Claudio ContrerasThe critically endangered short-nosed green frog (Eleutherodactylus brevirostris) is found only in the primary forests of one small mountain range in Haiti. Image courtesy of Claudio Contreras
Other species at risk include the Hispaniolan solenodon (Solenodon paradoxus), a large shrew-like animal native to Haiti and neighboring Dominican Republic. One of the oldest mammals on the planet, the solenodon survived the mass extinction event that wiped out the dinosaurs.
But it’s not faring well in today’s world.
“It’s almost extinct,” Hedges said. “It’s very, very hard to find.” However, the team did see recent evidence of one in mountainous primary forest during a biodiversity survey that took place between 2009 and 2015.
A solenodon is fitted with a radio collar to track its movements. Photo by Tiffany Roufs
In all, the survey turned up 28 species that are endemic to specific mountaintops – including several new frog species. Hedges says there were likely many more, but as their habitat disappeared, so did they.
“Unfortunately entire mountains have been deforested before biologists have surveyed them, so there were almost certainly many more species that we will never know about,” Hedges said.
Along with the extinctions of unique animals found nowhere else, Haiti’s deforestation has another consequence: landslides and flooding. The researchers found that without tree roots to hold soil, mountains tended to lose their topsoil to erosion soon after deforestation. And without trees to sop up rainwater, lowland areas are much more prone to catastrophic floods.
“Hundreds to thousands of Haitians die each year from flooding that is largely deforestation-related,” Hedges said. He pointed to a flooding event in 2004 that killed more than 1,200 people in a single town.
Hedges says that Haiti’s deforestation is largely driven by small-scale farming and charcoal production, which involves harvesting wood and heating it to remove water and volatile compounds. Doing this turns wood into a source of fuel that can be burned without producing as much smoke.
Around 11 million people live in Haiti, and many of them depend on wood charcoal for fuel and subsistence farming for food. As the lowlands lost their trees, people began deforesting higher and higher into the mountains.
Haitian primary forest being cut and burned. Image courtesy of Eladio Fernandez
The researchers witnessed this first-hand while conducting their biodiversity surveys, even encountering locals at study sites they had to use a helicopter to reach.
“I did a lot of hiking and we would run into Haitians at the most remote places in the country,” Hedges said.
Even protected areas aren’t immune from deforestation. Hedges recalled meeting a ranger a few years ago in Pic Macaya National Park – one of the last remaining sites of primary forest in Haiti.
“He told us that there were only 20 of them [rangers] but at any given time there are at least 200 teams of tree cutters all throughout the park – it’s a really big area – and they all have weapons, yet the rangers don’t have any weapons.”
In their study, Hedges and his colleagues write that Haiti’s two original national parks, Pic Macaya and La Visite, lost between 60 and 75 percent of their primary forest cover since they were declared protected areas 35 years ago. The researchers say improved monitoring is needed if forests – particularly primary forests – can be saved.
“Expanded detection and monitoring of primary forest globally will improve the efficiency of conservation measures, inside and outside of protected areas,” the authors write.
A deforested mountain in the Haitian Chaîne de Matheux. Image courtesy of S. Blair Hedges
Monitoring forests starts with figuring out what really counts as forest, which can be surprisingly contentious. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), for instance, defines forest as “Land spanning more than 0.5 hectares with trees higher than 5 meters and a canopy cover of more than 10 percent.”
However, according to Hedges, such a generous definition can distort the reality of a country’s forest cover and overlook primary forests, which are vital for biodiversity.
“When [the FAO defines] forests as having up to 90 percent of the trees missing, many of us would not call that forest, “ Hedges said, adding, “for a biologist like myself it’s almost absurd really.”
The FAO doesn’t plan on changing its approach to forest definition, according to Anssi Pekkarinen, team leader of the FAO’s Global Forest Resources Assessment. However, he says they are allowing “more detailed reporting at the sub-category level,” which includes differentiation of “planted forest” and “naturally regenerating“ forest.
“FAO is also working together with its partners to further improve the consistency of the reporting on primary forest,” Pekkarinen told Mongabay. “This work was initiated in 2017 and is expected to be completed within the coming years.”
Primary forest in Montagnes Macaya in the Massif de la Hotte, a biodiversity-rich region of Haiti. Image courtesy of Claudio ContrerasThe critically endangered Hispaniolan ventriloquial frog (Eleutherodactylus dolomedes) is found only in the forests of Haiti’s Massif de la Hotte. Image courtesy of Claudio Contreras
In response to the country’s deforestation crisis, reforestation projects have popped up, including Haiti Takes Root and the USAID Reforestation Project launched in January 2018, which aims to plant more than five million trees.
While reforestation can have positive outcomes, Hedges and his colleagues say that preservation of primary forest is the best way to stymie extinction.
“Primary forest is critical for maintaining much of the world’s biodiversity, and its loss is the greatest threat to species survival, even if primary forest is later replaced by secondary growth,” they write.
The researchers note that even places where some primary forest is left standing quickly become un-forested due to degradation. “However, lightly disturbed habitats could provide lifelines for some species if protected and allowed to recover.”
To help Haiti hold on to its forests and biodiversity, Hedges started an NGO called the Haiti National Trust that is set to purchase a mountain in Haiti in a bid to preserve its remaining primary forest.
“Our mission is to protect the last primary forests and biodiversity hot spots,” Hedges said. “It is a big task and will require a large inflow of resources, but I remain optimistic.”
Citation: Hedges, S. B., Cohen, W. B., Timyan, J., & Yang, Z. (2018). Haiti’s biodiversity threatened by nearly complete loss of primary forest. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 201809753.
Act quickly! They’re spiffy, and make great stocking stuffers. Go to zazzle.com, search for “anolis watch.” Or follow this link. Use code “HOLIDAYZSAVE.”
Check out this photo by Tomás Michel Rodríguez-Cabrera. Here’s what he had to say: “I was by a stream at Cajalbana Floristic Reserve in Pinar del Río, when I saw the anole jumping to the water. When it came out it was carrying a topminow, Gambusia punctata, that it later swallowed.
The latest field guide to the amphibians and reptiles of Trinidad and Tobago came out in early 2018. In it, eight Anolis species were documented. My fellow contributors on this latest article published in Caribbean Herpetology now report on a ninth anole for the country: ehe Puerto Rican Crested Anole.
Most of the other introduced anoles to Trinidad and Tobago have been spreading from their first documented sighting , such as Anolis wattsi. One wonders, how successful will these introduced anoles be in their non-native islands and what ecological effect they may have on the native fauna, including the native anoles? This is something I would like to investigate further. Any input on this from your experiences would be welcomed.
