Author: Thomas Sanger Page 5 of 6

Several community challenges have emerged on Anole Annals in recent years such as the popular “Spot the anole” series (here, here, and here for example). Today I raise a new challenge to anole enthusiasts worldwide. I challenge you to post a single photo of anoles in the wild with the greatest species diversity. Integrity counts: photos and lizards should not be manipulated. The lizards should have naturally come into close proximity on their own volition.

To start this out I will set the bar to beat at three species. I took this photo last weekend at the University of Miami arboretum. The three species, from left to right, are A. distichus, A. carolinensis, and A. sagrei. I expect that three should be relatively easy to beat so lets see what you’ve got!

The Anolis Gene Nomenclature Committee (AGNC) recently held an open discussion regarding our ongoing efforts to develop Anolis as a model system for integrative biology* and genomics at SICB 2012 in Charlestown, SC. To facilitate further discussion from the community I wanted to post a summary of this meeting here. If anyone would like to add to this discussion or propose additional objectives or concerns please leave your comments below. This is an exciting and fast-paced time for Anolis biologists and discussions such as this are necessary to continue the productive development of this genus for research in a post-genomic era.

Ongoing efforts

The AGNC was formed to efficiently develop resources that will be useful to the Anolis research community. We opened the meeting with short presentations about our ongoing resource development efforts. Carlos Infante (UGA) described work from the Menke Lab to develop cell culture protocols that will be used to test transgenic constructs directly in anole tissues rather than distantly related model systems such as the mouse or chicken. He noted that they recently had promising results testing the piggyBac transposon system in cultured anole fibroblasts. Building on her poster presentation Jeanne Wilson-Rawls (ASU) described her experiences isolating and culturing satellite cells – small stem cells found in mature muscles – and her ongoing collaboration with Kenro Kusumi (ASU) studying the mechanisms of tail regeneration in A. carolinensis. Dr. Kusumi described a relatively new project aimed at obtaining genome and transcriptome sequences for A. apletophallus from Panama as part of a collaboration with the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (also see this abstract from E. Hutchins). Dr. Kusumi also reminded the audience of their recent release of additional transcriptome data for mid-stage A. carolinensis embryos (available through NCBI).

One of the AGNC objectives is to aid in the dissemination of laboratory protocols, genomic data, and to create a pipeline for integrating data from multiple populations and species (see below). Several web-based resources are now being created along these lines. Tonia Hsieh and Rob Kulathinal (Temple Univ.) concluded this introduction by describing their efforts to develop Lizardbase, a web portal for geographic and genomic data mining. While still in its development phase the portal promises to become a useful tool for the anole research community and its public outreach efforts as data is added. To build this database Drs. Hsieh and Kulathinal are soliciting geo-tagged data for this portal and are in the process of adding a searchable database of contributors.

Looking forward – Goals for 2012

Many editors have recently come to acknowledge that an anole on a book or journal cover generates much enthusiasm from the community (here, here, here, here, here, here and here– I hope that I didn’t miss any). The trend continues in the February issue of Proceedings of the Royal Society. In this issue Sanger et al. describe the developmental bases of limb length convergence among trunk-ground and trunk-crown habitat specialists (previously described on Anole Annals). It should be noted that the only thing that can  possibly trump the beauty and eloquence of an anole in its native environment are developmental series of anole embryos (see here for further proof)

As Jonathan describes in Lizards in an Evolutionary Tree (Chapter 8 ) data on anole food preferences are sparse. However, this is a critical element of anole biology that needs to be more thoroughly explored if we are going to understand the diversity of skull shapes (the topic of a future post), nutrition, or energetics in anoles. The question is simple in principle but difficult in practice: do species preferentially eat certain insects? If so, has head shape adapted for the preferential capture or mastication of insects of a particular size or hardness? Do lizards that eat insects of lower “quality” eat more often or move less often? Perhaps anoles will eat what ever bug it happens to encounter and skull diversity is the result of other selection pressures. At this time we do not yet know. Interestingly, however, preliminary evidence suggests that the primary food source of many anoles are just ants, which while quite abundant are not very nutritious. Ants can account for up to 80% of the stomach contents of A. distichus for example.

The embedded video gave me an idea for a great experiment that can be done in a controlled setting.  Simply run various bugs across the screen of an iPad and see if different species preferentially target particular sizes or shapes. If anyone would like to donate an iPad to this cause of utmost importance I would be happy to perform the experiments.