Author: Jonathan Losos Page 104 of 130

Professor of Biology and Director of the Living Earth Collaborative at Washington University in Saint Louis. I've spent my entire professional career studying anoles and have discovered that the more I learn about anoles, the more I realize I don't know.

Fighting Hawaiian Anoles

By Jonathan Losos

On April 5, 2012

In Natural History Observations

Reader Louise Butler from the Big Island writes: “I am attaching two photos. One is a battle royale on the outerside of my kitchen window. Two anole-like dudes (?) duking it out, each grasping the other’s jaw. They remained this way, occasionally changing position but never letting go, for several minutes. Most amazing was that my indoor anole hardly noticed them and he was on the inside of the very same screen! Look at the difference in size.

I’ve never before, or since seen Anolis this big.

The second photo depicts the gold-dust day gecko’s most favored way of proliferation. They love the car. I’ve seen several emerging from the innards of my neighbor’s car after one of his trips to Kona from our location on the eastern tip of the Big Island.”

So, readers, what do you think about the size of those Hawaiians? And let’s not forget that geckos are not the only ones that use that means of transportation.

January Field Course On Tropical Biology In Puerto Rico

By Jonathan Losos

On April 4, 2012

In All Posts

Anole biologist and phylogenetic comparative methods wizard Liam Revell has shamelessly used a photo of Anolis evermanni just so we would advertise his three-week field biology course in Puerto Rico to be held next January. And you know what? It worked: the field-based course in tropical biology – focusing on ecology, evolution, and conservation biology – will be offered for the first time in January 2013 during the UMass Boston winter session (and hopefully annually thereafter). More info here.

Island Lizards Need Your Help

By Jonathan Losos

On April 1, 2012

In Anoles in Commerce

This isn’t strictly anole-related, but I think many faithful readers of Anole Annals will be interested in this fascinating project:

UCLA anole biologist and film-maker extraordinarie Neil Losin (whose films about anole research we’ve featured before) is teaming up with University of Miami’s Nathan Dappen, who just earned his Ph.D. studying the Ibiza Wall Lizard, a threatened species that’s only found on the Mediterranean islands of Ibiza and Formentera. They are working on a book: Symbol: Wall Lizards of the Pityusic Archipelago. Both Losin and Dappen are both professional photographers as well as biologists (e.g., here); they want to bring together science and photography in the very first book about these lizards with the goal of captivating the two million tourists that visit these islands every year.

Ibiza Wall Lizards appear in art, sculpture, and even tattoos on people’s bodies, but despite their iconic status, few tourists or locals know much about them, and there’s no place to learn more about this fascinating species. Ibiza Wall Lizards may have the greatest color diversity of any reptile – they range from green, to blue, to orange, to black! The only rival I can think of are Martin Whiting’s flat lizards from South Africa. They’re also play an important ecological role as plant pollinators and seed dispersers, so they’re crucial to the health of this island ecosystem (check out their award-winning short video on these lizards). The Symbol will bring the folklore, biology, and conservation of these lizards to everyone through spectacular photos and easy-to-read text. The book will be available in four languages – Spanish, English, German and Italian – the four most commonly spoken languages of the islands. It will be a perfect souvenir for tourists, and a wonderful gift to the locals.

Losin and Dappen need your help to get the project off the ground! They are raising money for the book on Kickstarter, a popular crowd-funding platform (for those of you unaware of Kickstarter and similar websites, the idea is that people post projects in need of funding and people donate whatever they want; if the goal is reached in the time period allotted, usually several weeks, credit cards are charged and the project is funded; otherwise, no donations are taken). By donating to this project, you can help make lizards an ambassador for nature on these islands and change the way people think about Ibiza’s reptilian icon forever. Plus, contributors earn cool rewards, like acknowledgement in the book, limited edition photographs, and signed copies of the book itself.

Check out Losin and Dappen’s Kickstarter campaign here. All contributions are secure (billed through Amazon’s payment system) and your credit card won’t be charged unless Losin and Dappen reach their funding goal.

Thanks for taking the time to check out this important project!

Which Museum Has The Most Anoles?

By Jonathan Losos

On March 27, 2012

In Anole Annals Trivia

Rich Glor recently put up a fascinating post on the enormous number of Anolis specimens deposited in the natural history museum at the University of Kansas, which got me thinking: which natural history museums house the most anole specimens? I’ve got the answer (you can, too, if you go to Herpnet, but what fun is that?): Who can name the top five? One caveat: apparently the holdings from the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology are not available. I supplemented my studies by going to the British Museum’s website, and I think all the other major players are on Herpnet, though would welcome news to the contrary.

So, here’s a bit of information, a hint of sorts: the leading institution has nearly twice as many specimens as the second place depository, which in turn has more than half again as many as the third, which is barely ahead of the fourth and the fifth.

And here’s something else: very few museums have any specimens registered under the generic name Norops. I’m not saying that the proposal to split Anolis into multiple genera is dead (see here), but clearly it didn’t get a lot of traction in the museum world. Oddly, though, one of the bastion’s of anti-Norops sentiment, the Museum of Comparative Zoology, has 75 Norops. We’ll have to see how long that stands.

Any way, have at it. Top 5: Which are they?

Mystery Lizard: It’s Sitana!

By Jonathan Losos

On March 24, 2012

In Anole Annals Trivia

No flies on you guys. I put up a mystery “lizard”—note: not “anole”—with a beautiful white dewlap and the trademark diamondback pattern of a female anole, but few were fooled and it was quickly identified as the southeast Asian agamid lizard, Sitana ponticeriana. The dead giveaway—if you want to be technical—is the presence of only four toes on the hindfoot.

This species—or very possibly a complex of species—shows remarkable geographic variability in dewlap color. See the gorgeous red, black and blue one here. They’re even said to change color seasonally, from blue to white, but I’m not sure how well-established that is.

This photograph comes from J.N. Trivedi’s fascinating 2010 Master’s Dissertation entitled “Study of courtship behaviour of Fan – throated lizard Sitana ponticeriana in scrublands of Vadodara city Gujarat.”

Enormous Dewlaps, Mainland-Style

By Jonathan Losos

On March 23, 2012

In Natural History Observations

Anolis chloris. Photo by Luke Mahler

A recent post extolled the size of the dewlap of the Hispaniolan A. christophei, but a number of readers, myself included, suggested that to find a truly humongous dewlap, you need to go to the mainland. And all one needs to do is look at the wondrous A. chloris pictured above to see that that is true. I challenge any Anole Annals reader to show me a photo of a Caribbean anole strutting his stuff so gynormously.

Still don’t believe me? Here are a few more.

Left to right, top row: unidentified Central American anole (ID, anyone?) from http://rhamphotheca.tumblr.com/post/1322893581/male-anolis-lizard-displaying-dewlap; A. polylepis from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anolis_polylepis,_Costa_Rica.JPG Steven J. Johnson; bottom row: A. gemmosus from James Christensen's spectacular flicker site, http://www.flickr.com/people/primevalnature/; unidentified anole from http://www.morley-read.com/frogs_on_line/telimbela/lizards/source/dscn8660.html; and A. frenatus also from Christensen's flickr site.

As far as I’m aware, no one has conducted a quantitative study to compare dewlap sizes among mainland and Caribbean anoles. Sounds like a good project for someone!

More importantly, though, why do the largest dewlaps occur on the mainland? Perhaps it has something to do with the relatively low population densities and low rates of display of mainland anoles? Another project waiting to be conducted.

What Species Is It?

By Jonathan Losos

On March 20, 2012

In Natural History Observations

Female (on left) and male (on right). Tough one. Good luck. Check back for a hint in a few days if no one nails it.

Veragua Rainforest: An Anole Mecca

By Jonathan Losos

On March 18, 2012

In Notes from the Field

One of the many frogs at the Veragua Rainforest preserve. The frog diversity is so great, it almost rivals the anoles in interest. Photo from http://veraguarainforest.com/research/imagenes/overview_small.jpg

Fresh from our four day foray at La Selva, our class of intrepid herpetologists moved east to the Veragua Rainforest Research & Adventure Park. Take one glance at their website, and you’d think this is some tacky tourist trap. But you’d be wrong. Only four years old, this multi-purpose venue is a wonderful place for biodiversitistas of any sort. Admittedly, a bit too touristy at first glance—the place is a regular stop for cruise ship passengers to take a break from playing online slots at casinos in Colorado at EasyMobileCasino.com and to disembark for the day at the port city of Limon. The facility has excellent educational displays with wonderful live collections of frogs (in the Ranario), reptiles (Reptilio), butterflies and other insects. Not to mention the ziplines, which we were duty bound to use in our quest to locate canopy dwelling lizards (one probable A. lemurinus was cited approximately 25 meters high on a tree trunk).

But Veragua is much more than a fun place to stop-over.

More Cristatellus Adventures in Costa Rica

By Jonathan Losos

On March 17, 2012

In Notes from the Field

Brown basilisk. Photo from http://www.naturephoto-cz.com/photos/sevcik/brown-basilisk--_DSC9899.jpg

A little more than a year ago, this correspondent trekked to the eastern coast of Costa Rica to chronicle the spread of the invasive Puerto Rican anole, A. cristatellus. Introduced to the Caribbean port city of Limon many moons ago, we found that the crested anole has made its way down the coast to the vicinity of the Panamanian border, and speculated that it may also have crossed the bridge to the Land of the Canal. In addition, it has spread inland to the west, as far and as high as the town of Turrialba and, at lower elevations, to Siquirres, 60 km from Limon. However, 37 km further west, we failed to find it in Guapiles, though our visit was late in the day. Given its widespread occurrence at low-to-mid elevations, we predicted that the Puerto Ricans may some day advance far to the north and west, trampling through the Tortuguero area to Nicaragua and who knows how far westward?

Taking advantage of our herpetology class sojourn to Costa Rica, I led an intrepid expedition comprised of a freshman, a sophomore, and a graduate student to head eastward from the La Selva Biological Station to determine just how far these lizards have advanced.

Anoles As A Model System To Study Reproductive Biology

By Jonathan Losos

On March 14, 2012

In New Research

Anolis carolinensis mating. Photo by Michele Johnson from Wade (2012). Insets: Upper, vertebral column of green anole around pelvis and tail; lower, hemipenis musculature.

Juli Wade has just published a review paper in which she sings the praises of anoles as a group to study the integration of behavior, anatomy, endocrinology and molecular mechanisms in vertebrate reproduction. She notes that a number of model systems exhibit, but synthesis is hindered because courtship and copulatory systems have been studied in different groups and, among studies of courtship biology, very disparate structures have been examined (e.g., bird syrinxes, frog larynxes, fish swim bladders) making comparative analysis difficult.

Anoles to the rescue! Wade notes: “Anoles offer some advantages over these other model systems. A long history of research into the hormones, brain and behavior exists for one species, the green anole (Anolis carolinensis), and a substantial amount of data is also available for the brown anole (A. sagrei). These studies indicate that the hormonal regulation of behavior appears quite similar in these two species of anoles. The genome of the green anole has recently been sequenced, which greatly facilitates investigations at the molecular level. Two features, however, provide unique power for the investigation of mechanisms regulating structure and function.

First, three sexually dimorphic systems exist within the same individuals – portions of the limbic forebrain, which control higher level or more motivational aspects of sexual behavior, and both courtship and copulatory neuromuscular systems, all of which lend themselves to investigations in the field and laboratory. Second, more than 350 species of anole lizards span the Southeastern US, Caribbean islands and Central and South America. Information on the behavioral ecology and phylogenetic history of many of these is accessible. And, while limited data on the neural and muscular structures regulating courtship and copulation are currently available, it is clear that species across the genus exhibit beautiful variation in the degree of sexual dimorphism in morphology on a gross level. Anole lizards therefore represent a terrific opportunity for more detailed investigations from an evolutionary perspective.”