Year: 2011 Page 25 of 42

A Horrible Name for a Beautiful Lizard

Taxonomist’s conundrum: What to do when a species needs a new name, but the moniker available is unpleasant? Case in point: this verdant beauty is surely the loveliest of the Bahamas’ lizards. Long known as A. carolinensis, recent work demonstrated that Bahamian green anoles and American green anoles are not closely related and thus represent independent colonizations from their Cuban, A. porcatus, ancestors. Hence, unless one wants to sink them all into a single species (which by the rules of zoological nomenclature, would be given the name A. carolinensis, thus sinking porcatus and representing another instance of U.S. hegemony over Cuba), the Bahamian lizards need a new name.

And, alas, that name already exists, and it’s a stinker: A. smaragdinus. Trying saying it yourself. There are a number of different ways to pronounce it—I have no idea which is correct, but they’re all unpleasant. And don’t bother trying to shorten it: “smarags” is cacophonous as well. It’s a shame, really, because the epithet is apt, meaning “emerald  green” in Latin.

Anole Genome Paper Revision Submitted

After receiving three generally positive reviews in the first round, the revised version of the manuscript reporting the genome sequencing of A. carolinensis has just been submitted. Hopefully, it won’t be long now! Stay tuned.

Leal and Fleishman to the Caribbean: Lizards, Watch Out

Photo probably by Manuel Leal probably at El Verde Field Station in Puerto Rico.

 

Read about it here

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Happy Half Birthday, Anole Annals

Anole Annals more or less turned one-half-year-old this month, making this a good time to look back and reflect. Readership continues to increase—we’re now getting an average of 202 readers and 351 page views a day. AA has published 208 posts by 30 authors from four continents and the Caribbean. For those new to the fold, here’s an annotated list of the 12 most popular posts, as judged by number of page views*:

1. Society for the Study of Evolution Announces Changes to the Name of its Journal

Far and away the most viewed, thanks to some Facebook re-posting in highly visible sites, this post documented the repeated appearance of anoles on the cover of the journal Evolution. Combined with the fact that an anole was the frontispiece for the program for the society’s annual meeting and that four of the six young scientists honored for their contributions at the meeting work on anoles (here, here, and here, plus Rob Pringle), the
suggestion that the society should reconsider it’s name seems quite reasonable.

2. Anole Annals Trivia: Find the Anoles

Always a crowd pleaser. ‘bout time for another one. Suggestions welcome.

Lizards On Islands

Turns out that there are lizards out there besides anoles evolving on islands. Check out this award winning film from Nathan Dappen. The film took first place in the first annual NESCent Evolution Film contest. 11 films were screened and voted on by attendees at the Evolution 2011 meeting in Norman, OK.

Editor’s Note: all the entries in the film festival can be seen here. The runner-up, “Why Don’t You Teach Evolution,” is also great.

A Highly Anecdotal Account of a Most Remarkable Anole

“You’ve gotta see this!” my fiancé Mark called to me one morning.  He was outside, which could mean only one thing: a wildlife encounter was underway.  Living in a semi-rural neighborhood in Florida, you never knew what you would see, from a mated pair of Sandhill Cranes walking down the street with their young, to Gopher Tortoises excavating burrows in the front yard.

I walked downstairs to the concrete area under our elevated house where Mark was staring at something on the ground.  I looked down to see a frog (Cuban Treefrog) with the tail of an A. carolinensis protruding from its gullet.

“I knew that lizard,” Mark said forlornly.

Another Anole That Sees With Its Eyes Closed

Anolis argenteolus is not the only (Cuban) species that has this “window” on the lower eyelid. Anolis lucius also has transparent scales, but if I recall there are 3 in this species. Interestingly, both of these species are to some extent saxicolous or cliff dwelling. So perhaps the sunglasses theory is correct. Protects the eyes from reflection off the white limestone rocks? Attached is an image of this species from the Matanzas Province.

An Anole That Sees With Its Eyes Closed

The last post makes me recall this weird situation while in Cuba in 2007. Anolis argenteolus seems to have a “fake eye” right at its eyelid. This is mentioned in the species’ descriptions as 2 transparent palpebral scales “as windows”… Looking at some pictures I noticed the scale’s surface being quite reflective and with some iridescence, but it is hard to tell whether they really can see thru it or whether it is just a false eye so when they roost or they close their eyes during the day they are able to show that they still alert. According to Williams & Hecht (1955), these “windows” in the lower eyelids are presumed to act as “sunglasses” in order to reduce light intensity, though I saw the animal doing this even in shady situations. Or they may serve to detect movement while sleeping (Vergner and Polak, 1996).

Anole Eyespots

Anoles have served as great model organisms in studies of adaptive radiation and how form and function are molded by selection, but they have also been the center-piece for some of the most interesting (and classic) research on how the brain modulates aggression to determine dominance. For example, work by Cliff Summers and his laboratory (among others) over the years has provided great detail concerning how adrenal catecholamines and glucocorticoids, produced during “stressful” aggressive interactions, interact with serotonergic activity in the hippocampus to determine social rank. These neuroendocrine processes are outwardly expressed, in a sense, by the familiar eyespot seen prominently during male green anole (Anolis carolinensis) interactions. The formation of the eyespot is stimulated by catecholamines, and the latency of eyespot formation is dependent on serotonergic activity, which is influenced by glucocorticoid secretion. Males that develop the eyespot sooner tend to be dominant, and once eyespots have appeared in one combatant, aggression in the rival tends to be inhibited. At least that’s the way it seems to work in A. carolinensis.


Evolution Meeting 2011: Evolution of Genetic Architecture During Adaptive Radiation

Joel McGlothlin received the 2011 Dobzhansky Prize, given to an outstanding young scientist in the field of evolutionary biology. Successfully fending off technical AV difficulties, Joel gave a fascinating talk in which he examined the idea that evolution should occur along lines of least genetic resistance, which are determined by the genetic correlations among traits. This hypothesis predicts that as traits diverge, they should diverge in ways that mirror the trait genetic correlations. Moreover, one would expect that this effect would attenuate over time, so that more distantly related species would show less evidence of diverging along these lines.

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