Manuel Leal and Brian Powell have just published a paper in Biology Letters demonstrating that lizards are smart. Before getting to the details, though—here’s the important point: check out the videos! They’re pretty amazing (here, scroll down and click on the videos).
Here’s the story: working with the Puerto Rican trunk-crown anole, A. evermanni, Leal and Powell presented lizards with an experimental apparatus in their home cages with two wells, in one of which was a dead phoenix worm (whatever that is). Next to the well with the worm was a little round disc similar to a poker chip. The lizards learned to go to the well and find and eat the worms. Then the experimenters placed the chip halfway over the well. Again, no problem.
Now comes the cool part. The experimenters completely covered the well containing the worm with a blue chip. Remember, these are Anolis lizards that usually find their prey by looking for movement—they don’t go digging around in the underbrush. Still, four out of the six lizards figured out how to get the mealworm: two of them bit the chip and removed it from covering the well, while two others figured out how to use their snouts as a lever to flip the chip off the well. This is pure problem-solving, and it uses novel behaviors, rather than simply transferring a natural behavior to a new context! And the two lizards that failed to get the worm came up with their own solution, hitting the center of the chip with their snout—but this was ineffective in dislodging the chip.
Once the lizards had learned to find the worm under the chip, the experimenters then conducted a discrimination trial, giving the choice of a blue chip and a yellow chip. Without error, the lizards always went to the blue chip; subsequently, they were presented a blue chip versus a blue-and-yellow chip, and they still had no problem.
Pretty amazing for a lizard, if you ask me, but it gets even better. It turns out that many animals have trouble reversing what they learn. That is, once trained to respond to a particular stimulus, many can’t unlearn that training and learn to respond to the opposite stimulus. In fact, behaviorists consider such reversal learning as an indication of advanced information processing, usually exhibited by cognitively advanced species. To test whether the anoles could reverse their learning, the researchers pulled a fast one and started placing the mealworms under the blue-and-yellow chips, instead of under the blue chips. Two of the four lizards quickly figured it out, and learned to look under the bicolored chip instead of the blue one.
To put this into context, the performance of the lizards in this study was on par with some birds that are generally considered to be good problem solvers, such as corvids, and better than some mammals. In fact, similar reversal learning tests are used as one way of scoring the intelligence of dog breeds—some are good at it, some aren’t. Even some human kindergartners have trouble in such trials.
Pretty darn good for a lizard! I used to say that it was humbling to go into the field and, when trying to catch anoles, to match wits with an animal with a brain the size of a pea, and usually lose. Now I don’t feel so bad.
Leal and Powell conclude by speculating that evolutionary radiation of anoles might be a result, at least in part, of their behavioral flexibility. Certainly an intriguing possibility. If you want to read more, check out Manuel’s post at chipojolab.
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HenryA
FYI, Phoenix worms are the larvae of the black soldier fly. They’re smaller than mealworms (thus more suitable for small lizards), have thinner exoskeletons, and contain much higher levels of calcium than most insects, thereby reducing the need to dust or gut-load with supplements. Many herps seem to love the taste as well, judging by their reactions to seeing the phoenix worm tub. The downside is they’re more expensive, often only seasonally available, and can’t be refrigerated like mealworms, so they don’t keep as long.
Rich Glor
Amazing. Simply amazing. My congratulations to Manuel and Brian for developing and successfully implementing this beautiful experiment. I can’t wait to see what comes next!
Scantlebury
Their behavioral flexibility is simply no match for my crafty noose work and those Anolis einsteini would likely fall for the oldest trick in the Anole Hunter’s playbook: using the noose as a lure to entice a wary animal into a position more suitable for The Surprise.
bolko
Unfortunately phoenix worms aren’t such a super-feeder as it is said. They indeed have lots of protein and calcium. But not all reptiles like them, and also their exoskeleton is tough and difficult to break. If it gets punctured, then there is no problem, it digests completely. But if the animal fails to puncture it, then most probably the whole larva will pass in the feces, That not only is an impaction risk but also takes up a lot of energy from a young reptile that must grow. I did that mistake with my young leopard geckos. Generally geckos don’t want them, however, some keepers state they really like them. Bearded dragons eat them with no problem, though. However, in my experience they still prefer the mealworms. Mealworms aren’t so hard in reality, all lizards crunch them and also they have softer exoskeleton between the segments, so when they digest they tend to break up. Phoenix worms can be normally refridgerated, just like mealworms.